Vol. 10, Special Issue 1, Part M (2026)

Soil erosion caused by high rainfall, flooding, and waterlogging is one of the major environmental challenge that threatens soil stability, nutrient conservation, and agricultural sustainability worldwide, and is further intensified by climate change driven extreme precipitation. These conditions accelerate soil structural degradation, runoff, sediment transport, and nutrient leaching, leading to substantial losses of fertile topsoil and essential plant nutrients. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through biomass pyrolysis, has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating erosion and improving soil resilience under excessive moisture conditions. This review synthesizes evidence from laboratory studies, rainfall simulation experiments, field investigations, and meta-analyses to assess the effectiveness of biochar in controlling soil erosion and nutrient losses in high-rainfall and flood-prone environments. The reviewed studies demonstrate that biochar application enhances soil aggregation, reduces bulk density, increases hydraulic conductivity. It improves water retention and infiltration, thereby reducing surface runoff, delaying runoff initiation, and lowering soil erodibility and sediment loss under intense rainfall. Biochar also significantly decrease nutrient leaching and gaseous nitrogen emissions by regulating nitrogen transformations, improving soil aeration, and enhancing rhizosphere biological activity under waterlogged conditions. In addition, biochar improves crop physiological and biochemical responses, including antioxidant activity and root growth, thereby increasing plant tolerance to flooding stress. Overall, biochar represents a multifunctional and sustainable soil management strategy for enhancing soil stability, conserving nutrients, and improving ecosystem resilience in regions vulnerable to high rainfall and flooding.