Vol. 9, Special Issue 7, Part B (2025)

The global food system is at a critical juncture, grappling with the escalating challenges of a burgeoning population, climate change, and the degradation of natural resources. In response, Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) has emerged as a transformative approach to food production, with protected horticulture and vertical farming at its forefront. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the key innovations propelling CEA forward, focusing on the synergistic roles of Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology, automation and robotics, novel growing substrates, and sustainable energy solutions. We delve into how these advancements are revolutionizing crop productivity, enhancing food quality, and reshaping the economic feasibility of CEA systems. Furthermore, we critically assess the environmental impact of these technologies, offering a balanced perspective on their potential to mitigate the ecological footprint of agriculture. Through an in-depth examination of current research and industry practices, this paper elucidates the immense potential of CEA to foster a more resilient, sustainable, and food-secure future. The integration of these innovations is not merely an incremental improvement but a paradigm shift, paving the way for a new era of intelligent and resource-efficient agriculture. The challenges of high initial investment and energy consumption are significant, yet ongoing research and technological advancements are progressively enhancing the economic viability and environmental sustainability of these systems. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge, highlights key challenges and opportunities, and provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of food production in a world of increasing environmental and demographic pressures.