Vol. 9, Special Issue 5, Part A (2025)

Crop improvement is pivotal to addressing the global challenges of food security and sustainable agriculture amid climate change and population growth. Advances in genomics and proteomics have revolutionized traditional breeding, enabling detailed dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying key agronomic traits. These technologies drive precision breeding through marker-assisted selection, gene discovery, and the development of stress-resistant cultivars. This review synthesizes cutting-edge methodologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), mass spectrometry (MS), gene editing, and proteome profiling, while emphasizing the emerging role of multi-omics integration. By bridging genomics (the study of complete DNA sequences) and proteomics (the analysis of protein expression and interactions), it presents a holistic view of how interdisciplinary approaches accelerate trait enhancement. Particular attention is given to genomic tools like CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted gene editing and proteomic techniques such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (2DGE-MS) for identifying stress-responsive proteins. Challenges such as data integration, scalability, and ethical concerns are discussed alongside future prospects involving single-cell omics and AI-driven predictive breeding. Case studies in rice and maize highlight the transformative impact of these technologies on yield, nutritional quality, and climate resilience. Ultimately, this review underscores the urgent need for sustained innovation and collaboration to translate molecular insights into scalable solutions for ensuring global food security by 2050.