Vol. 9, Special Issue 4, Part G (2025)

The growth, yield, and soil health of barley (Hordeum vulgare) are all significantly impacted by the use of sewage and treated waste water for irrigation. Wastewater can be a valuable source of important nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), when properly handled. These nutrients promote photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, and protein creation, all of which improve plant growth. This nitrogen augmentation is a sustainable and economical agriculture method since it lessens the demand for chemical fertilizers. Barley growth and development are further supported by the organic matter in treated water, which also strengthens soil structure, improves moisture retention, and boosts microbial activity. Consequently, the crop often exhibits higher biomass accumulation, increased tillering, and improved grain yield. However, the use of untreated or inadequately treated sewage water can pose several challenges. It may introduce toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and chromium into the soil, which can accumulate in barley tissues, leading to phytotoxicity and reduced crop performance. Moreover, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in untreated sewage can contaminate the crop, posing health risks to consumers. Excessive application of sewage water may also lead to soil salinization and nutrient imbalances, adversely affecting barley growth. Furthermore, high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions can disrupt soil structure, reduce water infiltration, and impair root function. Soil health is also a critical concern when using sewage and treated water for irrigation. While moderate use can enhance soil fertility and microbial diversity, prolonged application may result in heavy metal accumulation and nutrient saturation. This can reduce soil productivity and alter microbial community dynamics. Therefore, regular monitoring of water quality, soil properties, and crop health is essential when using sewage or treated wastewater for irrigation. Implementing advanced wastewater treatment methods, including filtration, disinfection, and heavy metal removal, can mitigate these risks and ensure the safe and sustainable cultivation of barley.