Vol. 9, Special Issue 4, Part A (2025)

The natural mechanisms like phagocytosis and secretion of inflammatory mediators, these cells help in controlling the initial establishment of the parasite in the host. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), play a crucial role in detecting parasite-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), thereby initiating immune responses. Macrophages secrete cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α to activate additional immune cells, while neutrophils contribute by releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play a significant role in responding to H. contortus infection, particularly in facilitating worm expulsion through degranulation and inflammatory mediator release. L-6 plays a crucial role in the immune response against Haemonchus contortus in sheep by modulating both innate and adaptive immunity, particularly Th2 responses. Its interactions with other cytokines make it vital for host defense. Future research should explore genetic variations in IL-6 production across sheep breeds and assess its potential as a therapeutic or vaccine.