Vol. 9, Special Issue 12, Part E (2025)

One of the most predominant agricultural systems in the country is the rice wheat cropping system (RWWS) of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), which enjoys the responsibility of regional food security but is experiencing challenges in sustaining itself increasingly. Whereas the green revolution was enabled by the use of high-yielding varieties and enhanced irrigation techniques, yield stagnation, resource degradation and global warming now pose a danger to the long term sustainability of the green revolution. This review paper summarises peer reviewed literature about the use of new technologies in the planting of rice and wheat in North India with a specific emphasis on Punjab, Haryana and the Uttar Pradesh. Some of the notable innovations are the introduction of better crop varieties, resource-conserving technologies (RCTs) like zero tillage, direct-sown rice, and laser land leveling, and also the mechanization and precision agriculture. The practices have lowered input expenses, provided better water and nutrient efficiency and also enhanced sustainability of the environment. Regional inequalities exist despite these developments, and they are most pronounced on the eastern part of the IGP where yield differentials are very high as the result of low levels of technology transfer, weak organizational condition, and socio-economic restrictions. Digital solutions to the challenges face-to-face interventions and climate-sensitive approaches are advised as crucial to the reduction of groundwater, rising production expenditures, and greenhouse gases. This paper highlights the importance of combined efforts that involve technological innovation, efficient knowledge transfer and positive policies in order to guarantee a resilient, productive and sustainable RWCS in North India.