Vol. 9, Special Issue 10, Part U (2025)

This review paper centres on the production of biochar from coconut shell and mesquite wood biomass, along with an analysis of its physicochemical characteristics. The swift expansion of the global population and industrial sectors has dramatically increased energy consumption, resulting in the exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and contributing to environmental degradation and climate change. Consequently, a strategic transition from fossil-based energy systems to sustainable alternatives has become essential. Among these options, biofuels particularly biochar derived from biomass have attracted significant scholarly attention due to their ecological advantages and alignment with circular economy frameworks and sustainable development objectives. The paper offers an in-depth overview of the transformation of coconut shell and mesquite wood biomass residues into biochar, with a focus on production techniques, physicochemical traits, and a wide range of applications. Methods such as pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, and hydrothermal carbonization are examined for their efficiency in generating biochar from coconut shells and mesquite wood, underscoring their potential for sustainable resource management. The relationship between production parameters and the resulting biochar properties is thoroughly explored, with emphasis on feedstock composition, pyrolysis settings, and activation methods. The findings reveal that biochar holds considerable promise in areas such as wastewater treatment, soil enhancement, and carbon sequestration. These applications are enabled by its distinctive physicochemical features, which include high porosity, extensive surface area, plentiful surface functional groups, and strong thermal stability