Vol. 9, Special Issue 10, Part S (2025)

Chemical pesticides usage lead to degraded soils, groundwater pollution, and food safety concerns. To address the environmental and health concerns of chemical pesticides. Need for effective, less harmful pest management strategies. So, Biopesticides are an eco-friendly alternative. Biopesticides represented 3% of the overall pesticide market in India and are expected to increase. This growth is attributable to enhanced awareness, policy support, and improvements in mass production and formulation technologies. Solid state fermentation (SSF) remains widely used for fungal agents like Trichoderma viridae and Metarhizium anisopliae, where substrates such as wheat bran or sorghum are used to enhance sporulation. However, liquid fermentation (LF) is increasingly gaining traction for bacterial agents like Bacillus thuringiensis and fungal formulations due to its higher yield potential, automation, and ease of downstream processing. LF can yield over 1.5-2 × 109 CFU/ml of viable spores compared to 107-108 CFU/g in SSF. Different designs and operating conditions of SSC bioreactors might encourage the development and production of conidia from particular microbes. Compared to solid substrate fermentation techniques, submerged liquid fermentation is less labor-intensive, produces a higher output, and has a longer shelf life. It occurs in deep tank bioreactors that are automated and readily scalable to thousands of liters. Successful production management requires a variety of tools and rearing supplies, including cages, storage racks, glassware, plastic ware, and chemicals. The types of biocontrol agents generated will determine the equipment selection. Innovative production techniques, multi-tiered policy support, and interdisciplinary research aiming at improving the effectiveness, shelf-life, and cost-efficiency of bioagents are key to the future of biocontrol in India.