Abstract: Biochar, an enriched carbon material derived from the pyrolysis of organic matter, has emerged as a versatile solution addressing contemporary challenges in agriculture, environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation. This comprehensive review meticulously examines the intricate facets of biochar, encompassing its production methodologies, diverse properties and extensive applications. In the production section, the review delves into various methods of biochar synthesis, including pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization. Particular attention is given to the critical factors of feedstock selection, processing parameters, and ensuing biochar characteristics. Transitioning to properties, the paper scrutinizes the physical, chemical, and biological attributes of biochar. A detailed exploration of surface area, porosity, and functional groups provides insights into biochar behaviour across different environments.
The review places a spotlight on biochar's applications, particularly its pivotal role in soil health and agriculture. Discussions encompass its impact on soil structure, nutrient retention, and microbial dynamics, showcasing its potential to enhance crop yield and overall soil fertility Environmental applications, including water treatment, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas mitigation, are also scrutinized for their efficacy. Acknowledging challenges and limitations inherent in biochar production and application, the review addresses issues such as feedstock availability, economic viability, and potential adverse environmental effects. Despite these challenges, the burgeoning field of biochar research continues to uncover innovative solutions and address critical gaps.
The paper concludes by summarizing key findings and pointing towards future directions. Biochar emerges not only as a promising tool for sustainable agriculture but also as a versatile agent in environmental remediation and carbon sequestration. This review lays the groundwork for a deeper understanding of biochar's potential and sets the stage for further exploration in this dynamic and evolving field.
