Vol. 9, Issue 7, Part H (2025)

Seeds are fundamental units of plant reproduction, archetypally composed of an embryo, endosperm and a protective seed coat. The seed coat derived from the ovule's integuments, plays multi-layered roles in safeguarding the embryo, regulating germination and enhancing seed survival. It obliges as a physical barrier, controls water and gas exchange, intermediates environmental sensing and facilitates dispersal. It also subsidizes to chemical defense and dormancy regulation. Furthermore, seed coats influence human health by providing dietary fiber, antioxidants, phytosterols and essential minerals. However, despite these advantages, the seed coat can also act as a barrier to germination and seedling development. In certain crops, traits such as excessive hardness, impermeability and presence of germination inhibitors can hinder uniform emergence, reduce seed vigour and increase susceptibility to pathogens. These hindrances emphasize the dual role of the seed coat, both as a protector and a potential obstacle highlighting the importance of understanding its structural and chemical properties for effective crop improvement and seed technology applications.