Vol. 9, Issue 6, Part I (2025)

There are several cellular mechanisms referred to as signaling pathways that have been identified in microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, for controlling various properties such as resistance to antibiotics, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and morphological differentiation. Biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture hold highly promising applications of such signaling pathways. Quorum sensing (QS) presents a communication network in bacterial species, which senses auto inducers, signaling molecules, allowing for intercellular communication and environmental stimulus response. In this context, bacteria have emerged as an important target for therapy against virulence targets with the hope of increasing their susceptibility to antimicrobial substances. Quorum quenching (QQ) is a strategy of countering bacterial infections by interfering with QS-signaling pathways in populations of bacteria. The other signaling pathway that was involved in signaling across the membrane in bacteria is the Two-Component System (TCS). TCS typically contains sensor histidine kinases responsive to extracellular stimuli, which, after autophosphorylation of response regulators results in the regulation of transcription. Mechanisms of Fungal Signal Transduction Many areas of healthcare and biotechnology are engaging with high interest in understanding the mechanisms of fungal signaling. Protein kinase A/cAMP, protein kinase C/MAPK, and, calcium-calcineurin pathways regulate virulence characteristics among the different species of pathogenic fungi. Identifying these pathways may hold positive benefits in reducing infections by microbes, improving industrial processes, and advancing the practice of agriculture and healthcare. We discuss the complexities of such complex signalling mechanisms, their utility, and their promise for future applications.