Vol. 9, Issue 5, Part J (2025)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that play a dual role in cellular physiology, acting as signaling molecules at low concentrations while contributing to oxidative stress and cellular damage at elevated levels. This review explores the formation, regulation, and biological effects of ROS, emphasizing their implications in various pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases are identified as primary sources of ROS, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and other antioxidant enzymes playing crucial roles in mitigating oxidative damage. The balance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease progression. Furthermore, the review discusses emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating ROS levels, such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and personalized medicine approaches that tailor antioxidant treatments based on individual metabolic profiles. The potential of probiotics in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in gastrointestinal disorders is also highlighted. Understanding the intricate relationship between ROS and cellular signaling pathways, particularly the NF-κB pathway, is essential for developing effective interventions against ROS-related diseases. This comprehensive overview underscores the importance of maintaining redox balance and presents avenues for future research focused on harnessing the beneficial aspects of ROS while minimizing their detrimental effects. Furthermore, this review provides a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and its associated disorders by integrating knowledge from various fields, including molecular biology and clinical medicine.