Vol. 9, Issue 4, Part N (2025)

Urban sustainability and smart cities aim to revolutionize the way transportation challenges are addressed in modern urban environments. The rapid increase in urban populations has led to critical issues such as traffic congestion, excessive greenhouse gas emissions, and inequitable access to mobility solutions. This paper explores the application of mathematical models as a powerful tool to tackle these challenges, focusing on optimization techniques, network flow analysis, stochastic models, and game theory. By integrating data-driven decision-making, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, and simulation frameworks, these models enhance the efficiency, equity, and environmental sustainability of urban transportation systems. Furthermore, the paper delves into practical implementations, such as congestion pricing and real-time traffic management, highlighting their impact on reducing emissions, optimizing resource allocation, and promoting sustainable urban mobility. Through case studies and sustainability metrics, the research underscores the potential of mathematical modeling to transform transportation systems in smart cities, paving the way for a sustainable and resilient urban future.