Vol. 9, Issue 4, Part C (2025)

Genetic engineering has transformed modern agriculture, enabling the development of crops with enhanced traits such as increased yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. This review explores the latest advancements in genetic engineering techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9, base editing, prime editing, gene drives, RNA interference (RNAi), and synthetic biology. These innovations have the potential to address pressing global challenges in agriculture, such as climate change, pest resistance, and food security. The article also discusses the ethical considerations, regulatory landscape, and public perception associated with these technologies, providing insights into future research directions and applications. Genetic engineering has been a cornerstone of agricultural innovation, providing tools to enhance crop characteristics far beyond the capabilities of traditional breeding methods. The traditional breeding techniques relies on the gradual accumulation of desirable traits over generations, which is often a slow and unpredictable process. In contrast, genetic engineering consents for the precise modification of specific genes, resulting in faster and more targeted improvements. This technology has enabled the development of crops with enhanced traits such as increased yield, improved nutritional content, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to environmental stresses.